Log in to make full use of the services
Base your answers to questions 1 on the information below, and on your knowledge of biology.
Before conducting an experiment, two students gathered information about the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming. Student A found information in a newspaper article. Student B found information in several peer-reviewed scientific journals and on three websites.
After gathering the information, the students presented the information to their class. The class gave the students suggestions about how to continue with their experiment. How does this step benefit the investigation?*
Base your answers to questions 2 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A student designed an experiment to investigate a claim that athletes would have lower heart rates than nonathletes during exercise. After the students classified themselves as an athlete or a nonathlete, their resting pulses were determined. Then all the students performed the same exercise for four minutes and their heart rates were determined by recording the pulse rate in beats per minute. The students continued to measure their pulse rates for an additional four minutes. The average heart rate per minute for each group was determined. The data were recorded, as shown on the table below.
To improve the validity of the conclusion reached in this experiment, the students should repeat the experiment*
Base your answers to questions 3 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Euglena are single-celled organisms that live in ponds. All euglena have chloroplasts and can make their own food. They can also take in food from the environment. The diagram below represents a euglena.
An experiment was set up to determine the effect of nitrates, a pollutant, on the number of chloroplasts present in euglena. Five tanks were set up, each with euglena and a different concentration of nitrate solution: 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%.
The tanks were placed in a sunny location where each tank received the same amount of light.
Which statement is a possible hypothesis for this experiment that could be supported by the results of this experiment?*
Base your answers to questions 4 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
An experiment was carried out to answer the question “Does the pH of water affect the growth of radish plants?” Two groups of ten radish plants were set up. One group was watered with water having a pH of 3.0, and the other group was watered with water having a pH of 7.0. Both groups of plants received the same amount and intensity of light, the same amount of water, and they were grown in the same type of soil. The heights of the radish plants were measured every 2 days for a period of 2 weeks.
Which sentence is a possible hypothesis that was tested in this experiment?*
In an appropriately designed experiment, a scientist is able to test the effect of*
Daphnia are freshwater organisms sometimes referred to as “water fleas.” Design an experiment that could be used to test the effects of temperature on the size of a daphnia population. In your experimental design, be sure to:
• state a hypothesis to be tested [1]
• describe how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group [1]
• identify the independent variable in the experiment [1]
• identify the type of data that will be collected [1]*
Base your answer to question 10-13 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Scientists have been experimenting with different forms of alternate energy to help reduce the amount of fossil fuels that are burned. They studied yeast, which convert plant materials into ethanol, a form of alcohol that can be used in automobiles. These experi- ments were carried out at room temperature. The scientists wondered whether more ethanol would be produced at different temperatures.
Design an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on ethanol production by yeast. In your answer, be sure to:
• state one hypothesis the experiment would test [1]
• state how the control group would be treated differently from the experimental group [1]
• identify two factors that must be kept the same in both the experimental and control groups [1]
• identify the independent variable in the experiment [1]*
Base your answer to question 14-18 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
The presence of air is believed to be important for root growth in bean plants. The apparatus available to conduct an investigation is shown below. There are enough bottles and other materials to have multiple setups. Air (for aeration) can be bubbled into the bottle through the rubber tube.
Design an experiment to test the effect of aeration on the growth of roots of bean seedlings. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify the dependent variable in the experiment [1]
• state one reason why many setups should be used in both the experimental and control groups [1]
• state one reason why several different kinds of seedlings were not tested in this experiment [1]*
Base your answer to question 19-23 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Poison ivy is a weed that grows in New York State. It synthesizes an oil, urushiol, that causes skin rashes. Researchers have found that if poison ivy grows in an environment that contains an increased concentration of carbon dioxide, the plants grow larger, faster, and produce more urushiol. Because carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are rising, poison ivy might become a hazard to people who work or vacation outdoors.
In order to verify this research, experiments must be carried out. Design an experiment to test whether poison ivy is affected by air containing higher than normal concentrations of carbon dioxide. In your answer, be sure to:
• state the hypothesis the experiment would test [1]
• state one way the control group should be treated differently from the experimental group [1]
• identify two conditions that should be kept the same in both the control and the experimental groups [1]
• describe the type of data to be collected [1]
• identify one safety precaution that should be taken during the experiment and explain why it is necessary [1]*
Base your answer to question 24-28 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Some poinsettia plants have green leaves that turn red. A garden club decided to study the color change of poinsettia plants. Knowing that poinsettias change color during the short daylight periods of winter, they decided to investigate the effect of different daylight lengths on color change.
Design a controlled experiment using three experimental groups that could be used to determine if the number of hours of daylight has an effect on the color change of poinsettias. In your experimental design, be sure to:
• state one way the three experimental groups would differ [1]
• identify two factors that must be kept the same in all three groups [1]
• describe experimental results that would support your hypothesis [1]*
Base your answer to question 29-31 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Super-Size It?
The American Academy of Pediatrics has noted an increase in the population of children with disorders that are usually associated with older adults, such as diabetes. Observers of American culture point to the trend to “super-size” food servings as a possible cause. Larger servings might encourage children of today to eat more fats and sugars than children ate a generation ago.
In an attempt to determine if there is a relationship between diet and the development of diabetes in children, a study was done which surveyed a group of children regarding their eating habits and whether or not they were diabetic. When the survey results were collected, the data were used to organize the children into two groups based on their responses, and then the data were analyzed.
Discuss this investigation. In your answer, be sure to:
• state the hypothesis being tested in this investigation [1]
• identify one survey response that was most likely used for organizing the children into two groups [1]
• state what survey results would support the hypothesis stated above [1]*
Base your answers to question 32-34 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Secondhand Smoke and Estrogen
A fertility researcher conducted a study of pregnant women. The researcher’s hypothesis was that the estrogen levels of pregnant women who were exposed to daily secondhand cigarette smoke would be higher than estrogen levels of pregnant women not exposed to daily secondhand smoke.
The researcher measured the estrogen levels of eight pregnant women each week throughout their pregnancy. Four of the women lived in houses with heavy smokers, the other four did not. The women’s ages varied from 19 to 42 years old. Six of the women were pregnant with girls, one was pregnant with a boy, and one was pregnant with twin boys. The research was submitted for peer review.
Analyze this experiment. In your answer, be sure to:
• identify one error in the researcher’s experimental design [1]
• identify one way, other than affecting estrogen levels, that secondhand smoke could affect a developing embryo [1]
• explain why the process of peer review is an important step in this research [1]*
Base your answers to questions 35 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
Ticks, such as deer ticks and dog ticks, feed on the blood of humans and other animals. Part of the feeding process involves the tick injecting its saliva to help make blood flow. In the process, they sometimes spread disease organisms to their host. Sometimes ticks get on clothing, and can remain there for a few days before actually biting their host.
A scientist found that ticks might be able to survive even when exposed to hot water and detergent in a washing machine.
Students designed the experiment below to test how well ticks survive a hot-water washing machine cycle with detergent. Note that some details of the design are incorrect.
Identify one error with the hypothesis. [1]*
Base your answer to question 36-37 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
African violet plants are grown for their delicate, colorful flowers and furry, soft leaves. People often want to touch the leaves and brush the hairy leaves with their fingers. Growers and plant owners were concerned that this could negatively affect the plant. Of particular concern was the presence of body lotion or other skin products on the hands of persons touching the leaves.
A student thought this might be the basis of a science project. He selected two African violet plants. Ten leaves on each of the two plants were brushed with a gloved hand for 30 seconds, once a day, for a period of five days. The difference was that leaves of the second plant were brushed with a gloved hand that had hand lotion applied to the glove.
As part of the peer review process, evaluate the student’s experiment. As part of your evaluation, be sure to:
• state one possible hypothesis for the experiment proposed by the student [1]
• describe the type of data that should be collected to determine if the brushing with lotion was having a negative effect on the African violet plant [1]*
Base your answers to question 38-39 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of exposure to ultraviolet (UV)
light on the growth of bacteria. Equal quantities of bacterial cells were spread on Petri dishes that are used to grow colonies of bacteria. Half of each dish was shielded from the UV light with a UV screen. The other half was exposed to UV light for various amounts of time. After the UV treatment, the bacteria were grown in an incubator for 24 hours and the number of colonies was counted.
The table below contains the data collected at different exposure times by counting the number of bacterial colonies on both the screen-covered side and unscreened side
Analyze the experiment that produced the data in the table. In your answer, be sure to:
• state a hypothesis for the experiment [1]
• state whether the results of the experiment support or fail to support your hypothesis. Support your answer [1]*
